python中數(shù)據(jù)爬蟲(chóng)requests庫(kù)使用方法詳解
一、什么是Requests
Requests 是Python語(yǔ)編寫(xiě),基于urllib,采Apache2 Licensed開(kāi)源協(xié)議的 HTTP 庫(kù)。它urllib 更加方便,可以節(jié)約我們大量的工作,完全滿(mǎn)足HTTP測(cè)試需求。
一句話——requests是python實(shí)現(xiàn)的簡(jiǎn)單易用的HTTP庫(kù)
二、安裝Requests庫(kù)
進(jìn)入命令行win+R執(zhí)行
命令:pip install requests
項(xiàng)目導(dǎo)入:import requests
三、各種請(qǐng)求方式
直接上代碼,不明白可以查看我的urllib的基本使用方法
import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
這么多請(qǐng)求方式,都有什么含義,所以問(wèn)下度娘:
- GET: 請(qǐng)求指定的頁(yè)面信息,并返回實(shí)體主體。
- HEAD: 只請(qǐng)求頁(yè)面的首部。
- POST: 請(qǐng)求服務(wù)器接受所指定的文檔作為對(duì)所標(biāo)識(shí)的URI的新的從屬實(shí)體。
- PUT: 從客戶(hù)端向服務(wù)器傳送的數(shù)據(jù)取代指定的文檔的內(nèi)容。
- DELETE: 請(qǐng)求服務(wù)器刪除指定的頁(yè)面。
- get 和 post比較常見(jiàn) GET請(qǐng)求將提交的數(shù)據(jù)放置在HTTP請(qǐng)求協(xié)議頭中
- POST提交的數(shù)據(jù)則放在實(shí)體數(shù)據(jù)中
(1)、基本的GET請(qǐng)求
import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)
返回值:
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"origin": "183.64.61.29",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
(2)、帶參數(shù)的GET請(qǐng)求
將name和age傳進(jìn)去
import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
print(response.text)
{
"args": {
"age": "22",
"name": "germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"origin": "183.64.61.29",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22"
}
或者使用params的方法:
import requests
data = {
'name': 'germey',
'age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)
返回值一樣
(3)、解析json
將返回值已json的形式展示:
import requests
import json
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json()))
返回值:
<class 'str'>
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
<class 'dict'>
(4)、獲取二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)
記住返回值.content就ok了
import requests
response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)
返回值為二進(jìn)制不必再進(jìn)行展示,
(5)、添加headers
有些網(wǎng)站訪問(wèn)時(shí)必須帶有瀏覽器等信息,如果不傳入headers就會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò),如下
import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
print(response.text)
返回值:
<html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1>
An internal server error occured.
</body></html>
當(dāng)傳入headers時(shí):
import requests
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)
成功返回網(wǎng)頁(yè)源代碼不做展示
(6)、基本POST請(qǐng)求
不明白見(jiàn)我博文urllib的使用方法
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.text)
返回:
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"age": "22",
"name": "germey"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "18",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.64.61.29",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
三、響應(yīng)
response屬性
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)
return:
<class 'int'> 200
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Thu, 01 Feb 2018 20:47:08 GMT', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY', 'X-XSS-Protection': '1; mode=block', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'ETag': 'W/"9f70e869e7cce214b6e9d90f4ceaa53d"', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate', 'Set-Cookie': 'locale=zh-CN; path=/', 'X-Request-Id': '366f4cba-8414-4841-bfe2-792aeb8cf302', 'X-Runtime': '0.008350', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 gjf22:8 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSzqstdx2ps251:10 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie locale=zh-CN for www.jianshu.com/>]>
<class 'str'> https://www.jianshu.com/
<class 'list'> [<Response [301]>]
狀態(tài)碼判斷:常見(jiàn)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)狀態(tài)碼:
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
四、高級(jí)操作
(1)、文件上傳
使用 Requests 模塊,上傳文件也是如此簡(jiǎn)單的,文件的類(lèi)型會(huì)自動(dòng)進(jìn)行處理:
實(shí)例:
import requests
files = {'file': open('cookie.txt', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)
這是通過(guò)測(cè)試網(wǎng)站做的一個(gè)測(cè)試,返回值如下:
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {
"file": "#LWP-Cookies-2.0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BAIDUID=\"D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459:FG=1\"; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BIDUPSID=D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: H_PS_PSSID=25641_1465_21087_17001_22159; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: PSTM=1516953672; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BDSVRTM=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BD_HOME=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\n"
},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "909",
"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=84835f570cfa44da8f4a062b097cad49",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.64.61.29",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
(2)、獲取cookie
當(dāng)需要cookie時(shí),直接調(diào)用response.cookie:(response為請(qǐng)求后的返回值)
import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
print(key + '=' + value)
輸出結(jié)果:
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315
(3)、會(huì)話維持、模擬登陸
如果某個(gè)響應(yīng)中包含一些Cookie,你可以快速訪問(wèn)它們:
import requests
r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))
要想發(fā)送你的cookies到服務(wù)器,可以使用 cookies 參數(shù):
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中規(guī)定空格、方括號(hào)、圓括號(hào)、等于號(hào)、逗號(hào)、雙引號(hào)、斜杠、問(wèn)號(hào)、@,冒號(hào),分號(hào)等特殊符號(hào)都不能作為Cookie的內(nèi)容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())
(4)、證書(shū)驗(yàn)證
因?yàn)?2306有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤證書(shū),我們那它的網(wǎng)站做測(cè)試會(huì)出現(xiàn)下面的情況,證書(shū)不是官方證書(shū),瀏覽器會(huì)識(shí)別出一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)
返回值:


怎么正常進(jìn)入這樣的網(wǎng)站了,代碼如下:
import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
將verify設(shè)置位False即可,返回的狀態(tài)碼為200
urllib3.disable_warnings()這條命令主要用于消除警告信息
(5)、代理設(shè)置
在進(jìn)行爬蟲(chóng)爬取時(shí),有時(shí)候爬蟲(chóng)會(huì)被服務(wù)器給屏蔽掉,這時(shí)采用的方法主要有降低訪問(wèn)時(shí)間,通過(guò)代理ip訪問(wèn),如下:
import requests
proxies = {
"http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
"https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
ip可以從網(wǎng)上抓取,或者某寶購(gòu)買(mǎi)
如果代理需要設(shè)置賬戶(hù)名和密碼,只需要將字典更改為如下:
proxies = {
"http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"
}
如果你的代理是通過(guò)sokces這種方式則需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {
"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"
}
(6)、超時(shí)設(shè)置
訪問(wèn)有些網(wǎng)站時(shí)可能會(huì)超時(shí),這時(shí)設(shè)置好timeout就可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
正常訪問(wèn),狀態(tài)嗎返回200
(7)、認(rèn)證設(shè)置
如果碰到需要認(rèn)證的網(wǎng)站可以通過(guò)requests.auth模塊實(shí)現(xiàn)
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)
當(dāng)然這里還有一種方式
import requests
response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)
(8)、異常處理
遇到網(wǎng)絡(luò)問(wèn)題(如:DNS查詢(xún)失敗、拒絕連接等)時(shí),Requests會(huì)拋出一個(gè)ConnectionError 異常。
遇到罕見(jiàn)的無(wú)效HTTP響應(yīng)時(shí),Requests則會(huì)拋出一個(gè) HTTPError 異常。
若請(qǐng)求超時(shí),則拋出一個(gè) Timeout 異常。
若請(qǐng)求超過(guò)了設(shè)定的最大重定向次數(shù),則會(huì)拋出一個(gè) TooManyRedirects 異常。
所有Requests顯式拋出的異常都繼承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。
以上就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容,希望對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助,也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。
相關(guān)文章
python中字符串String及其常見(jiàn)操作指南(方法、函數(shù))
String方法是用來(lái)處理代碼中的字符串的,它幾乎能搞定你所遇到的所有字符串格式,下面這篇文章主要給大家介紹了關(guān)于python中字符串String及其常見(jiàn)操作(方法、函數(shù))的相關(guān)資料,需要的朋友可以參考下2022-04-04
極速整理文件Python自動(dòng)化辦公實(shí)用技巧
當(dāng)涉及到自動(dòng)化辦公和文件整理,Python確實(shí)是一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的工具,在這篇博客文章中,將深入探討極速整理文件!Python自動(dòng)化辦公新利器這個(gè)話題,并提供更加豐富和全面的示例代碼,以便讀者更好地理解和運(yùn)用這些技巧2024-01-01
Python快速生成隨機(jī)密碼超簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)現(xiàn)
這篇文章主要介紹了Python快速生成隨機(jī)密碼,文中通過(guò)示例代碼介紹的非常詳細(xì),對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)或者工作具有一定的參考學(xué)習(xí)價(jià)值,需要的朋友們下面隨著小編來(lái)一起學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧2022-08-08
Python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)uuid模塊(生成唯一標(biāo)識(shí))詳解
uuid通過(guò)Python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)的uuid模塊生成通用唯一ID(或“UUID”)的一種快速簡(jiǎn)便的方法,下面這篇文章主要給大家介紹了關(guān)于Python標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)uuid模塊(生成唯一標(biāo)識(shí))?的相關(guān)資料,需要的朋友可以參考下2022-05-05

