MySQL單表查詢操作實(shí)例詳解【語(yǔ)法、約束、分組、聚合、過(guò)濾、排序等】

更新時(shí)間：2019年12月19日 11:15:58 作者：dawn-liu

這篇文章主要介紹了MySQL單表查詢操作,結(jié)合實(shí)例形式詳細(xì)分析了mysql單表查詢的語(yǔ)法、約束、分組、聚合、過(guò)濾、排序等相關(guān)原理、操作技巧與注意事項(xiàng),需要的朋友可以參考下

本文實(shí)例講述了MySQL單表查詢操作。分享給大家供大家參考，具體如下：

語(yǔ)法

一、單表查詢的語(yǔ)法

   SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 條件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 篩選
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制條數(shù)

二、關(guān)鍵字的執(zhí)行優(yōu)先級(jí)（重點(diǎn)）

重點(diǎn)中的重點(diǎn)：關(guān)鍵字的執(zhí)行優(yōu)先級(jí)

from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

1.找到表:from

2.拿著where指定的約束條件，去文件/表中取出一條條記錄

3.將取出的一條條記錄進(jìn)行分組group by，如果沒(méi)有g(shù)roup by，則整體作為一組

4.將分組的結(jié)果進(jìn)行having過(guò)濾

5.執(zhí)行select

6.去重

7.將結(jié)果按條件排序：order by

8.限制結(jié)果的顯示條數(shù)

（1）where 約束　

where運(yùn)算符

where子句中可以使用
1.比較運(yùn)算符：>、<、>=、<=、<>、!=
2.between 80 and 100 ：值在80到100之間
3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30
4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_(dá)。%小時(shí)任意多字符，_表示一個(gè)字符
5.邏輯運(yùn)算符：在多個(gè)條件直接可以使用邏輯運(yùn)算符 and or not

（2）group by 分組查詢

#1、首先明確一點(diǎn)：分組發(fā)生在where之后，即分組是基于where之后得到的記錄而進(jìn)行的

#2、分組指的是：將所有記錄按照某個(gè)相同字段進(jìn)行歸類，比如針對(duì)員工信息表的職位分組，或者按照性別進(jìn)行分組等

#3、為何要分組呢？
    取每個(gè)部門的最高工資
    取每個(gè)部門的員工數(shù)
    取男人數(shù)和女人數(shù)

小竅門：‘每'這個(gè)字后面的字段，就是我們分組的依據(jù)

#4、大前提：

可以按照任意字段分組，但是分組完畢后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看組內(nèi)信息，需要借助于聚合函數(shù)

當(dāng)執(zhí)行以下sql語(yǔ)句的時(shí)候，沒(méi)有報(bào)錯(cuò)，但本身是沒(méi)有意義的

mysql> select * from employee group by post;
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name  | sex  | age | hire_date | post                  | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 張野  | male  | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                | NULL     |  10000.13 |  403 |     3 |
| 9 | 歪歪  | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                  | NULL     |  3000.13 |  402 |     2 |
| 2 | alex  | male  | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                 |       | 1000000.31 |  401 |     1 |
| 1 | egon  | male  | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       | NULL     |  7300.33 |  401 |     1 |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

設(shè)置sql_mode為ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY，并且退出，再進(jìn)入才會(huì)生效

mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

再次進(jìn)入

mysql> select @@sql_mode;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| @@sql_mode |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

mysql> select * from emp group by post;//現(xiàn)在的情況下就會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'group statement'
mysql> select * from employee group by post;
ERROR 1055 (42000): 't1.employee.id' isn't in GROUP BY
mysql> select post from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+
| post                  |
+-----------------------------------------+
| operation                |
| sale                  |
| teacher                 |
| 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       |
+-----------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

或者如下使用

mysql> select name,post from employee group by post,name;
+------------+-----------------------------------------+
| name    | post                  |
+------------+-----------------------------------------+
| 張野    | operation                |
| 程咬金   | operation                |
| 程咬鐵   | operation                |
| 程咬銅   | operation                |
| 程咬銀   | operation                |
| 丁丁    | sale                  |
| 丫丫    | sale                  |
| 星星    | sale                  |
| 格格    | sale                  |
| 歪歪    | sale                  |
| alex    | teacher                 |
| jingliyang | teacher                 |
| jinxin   | teacher                 |
| liwenzhou | teacher                 |
| wupeiqi  | teacher                 |
| xiaomage  | teacher                 |
| yuanhao  | teacher                 |
| egon    | 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       |
+------------+-----------------------------------------+
18 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                  | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                |     5 |
| sale                  |     5 |
| teacher                 |     7 |
| 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       |     1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（3）聚合函數(shù)

max()求最大值
min()求最小值
avg()求平均值
sum() 求和
count() 求總個(gè)數(shù)

#強(qiáng)調(diào)：聚合函數(shù)聚合的是組的內(nèi)容，若是沒(méi)有分組，則默認(rèn)一組
# 每個(gè)部門有多少個(gè)員工
select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
# 每個(gè)部門的最高薪水
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每個(gè)部門的最低薪水
select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每個(gè)部門的平均薪水
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每個(gè)部門的所有薪水
select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;

（4）HAVING過(guò)濾

HAVING與WHERE不一樣的地方在于

#?。?！執(zhí)行優(yōu)先級(jí)從高到低：where > group by > having
#1. Where 發(fā)生在分組group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是絕對(duì)不能使用聚合函數(shù)。

#2. Having發(fā)生在分組group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分組的字段，無(wú)法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函數(shù)

mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post  | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher |       | 1000000.31 |  401 |     1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause

# 必須使用group by才能使用group_concat()函數(shù)，將所有的name值連接
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000; ##錯(cuò)誤，分組后無(wú)法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'field list'

練習(xí)

1. 查詢各崗位內(nèi)包含的員工個(gè)數(shù)小于2的崗位名、崗位內(nèi)包含員工名字、個(gè)數(shù)
2. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大于10000的崗位名、平均工資
3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大于10000且小于20000的崗位名、平均工資

答案

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                  | group_concat(name)                    | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                | 程咬鐵,程咬銅,程咬銀,程咬金,張野             |     5 |
| sale                  | 格格,星星,丁丁,丫丫,歪歪                 |     5 |
| teacher                 | xiaomage,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |     7 |
| 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       | egon                           |     1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post                  | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       | egon        |     1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#題2：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post   | avg(salary)  |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher  | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#題3：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post   | avg(salary) |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

（5）order by 查詢排序

按單列排序

  SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age;
  SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;
  SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age升序排序，如果年紀(jì)相同，則按照id降序

  SELECT * from employee
    ORDER BY age ASC,
    id DESC;

（5）limit 限制查詢的記錄數(shù):

示例：

  SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
   LIMIT 3;          #默認(rèn)初始位置為0

  SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
    LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開(kāi)始，即先查詢出第一條，然后包含這一條在內(nèi)往后查5條

  SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
    LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開(kāi)始，即先查詢出第6條，然后包含這一條在內(nèi)往后查5條

練習(xí)：每次顯示5條

# 第1頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)
 mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | sex | age | hire_date | post                  | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | egon   | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使       | NULL     |  7300.33 |  401 |     1 |
| 2 | alex   | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                 |       | 1000000.31 |  401 |     1 |
| 3 | wupeiqi  | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                 | NULL     |  8300.00 |  401 |     1 |
| 4 | yuanhao  | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                 | NULL     |  3500.00 |  401 |     1 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                 | NULL     |  2100.00 |  401 |     1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第2頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)
mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name    | sex  | age | hire_date | post  | post_comment | salary  | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL     | 9000.00 |  401 |     1 |
| 7 | jinxin   | male  | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL     | 30000.00 |  401 |     1 |
| 8 | xiaomage  | male  | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL     | 10000.00 |  401 |     1 |
| 9 | 歪歪    | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale  | NULL     | 3000.13 |  402 |     2 |
| 10 | 丫丫    | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale  | NULL     | 2000.35 |  402 |     2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第3頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)
mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | sex  | age | hire_date | post   | post_comment | salary  | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁   | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale   | NULL     | 1000.37 |  402 |     2 |
| 12 | 星星   | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale   | NULL     | 3000.29 |  402 |     2 |
| 13 | 格格   | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale   | NULL     | 4000.33 |  402 |     2 |
| 14 | 張野   | male  | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL     | 10000.13 |  403 |     3 |
| 15 | 程咬金  | male  | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL     | 20000.00 |  403 |     3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

更多關(guān)于MySQL相關(guān)內(nèi)容感興趣的讀者可查看本站專題：《MySQL查詢技巧大全》、《MySQL常用函數(shù)大匯總》、《MySQL日志操作技巧大全》、《MySQL事務(wù)操作技巧匯總》、《MySQL存儲(chǔ)過(guò)程技巧大全》及《MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鎖相關(guān)技巧匯總》

希望本文所述對(duì)大家MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)計(jì)有所幫助。

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