44.HEXTORAW
將一個(gè)十六進(jìn)制構(gòu)成的字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為二進(jìn)制

45.RAWTOHEXT
將一個(gè)二進(jìn)制構(gòu)成的字符串轉(zhuǎn)換為十六進(jìn)制

46.ROWIDTOCHAR
將ROWID數(shù)據(jù)類型轉(zhuǎn)換為字符類型

47.TO_CHAR(date,format)
SQL> select to_char(sysdate,yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss) from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,YY
-------------------
2004/05/09 21:14:41
? 48.TO_DATE(string,format)
將字符串轉(zhuǎn)化為ORACLE中的一個(gè)日期

49.TO_MULTI_BYTE
將字符串中的單字節(jié)字符轉(zhuǎn)化為多字節(jié)字符
SQL> select to_multi_byte(高) from dual;
TO
--
高

50.TO_NUMBER
將給出的字符轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字
SQL> select to_number(1999) year from dual;
YEAR
---------
1999

51.BFILENAME(dir,file)
指定一個(gè)外部二進(jìn)制文件
SQL>insert into file_tb1 values(bfilename(lob_dir1,image1.gif));

52.CONVERT(x,desc,source)
將x字段或變量的源source轉(zhuǎn)換為desc
SQL> select sid,serial#,username,decode(command,
2 0,none,
3 2,insert,
4 3,
5 select,
6 6,update,
7 7,delete,
8 8,drop,
9 other) cmd from v$session where type!=background;
SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD
--------- --------- ------------------------------ ------
1 1 none
2 1 none
3 1 none
4 1 none
5 1 none
6 1 none
7 1275 none
8 1275 none
9 20 GAO select
10 40 GAO none

53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length)
DUMP函數(shù)以fmt指定的內(nèi)部數(shù)字格式返回一個(gè)VARCHAR2類型的值
SQL> col global_name for a30
SQL> col dump_string for a50
SQL> set lin 200
SQL> select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name;
GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING
------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------
ORACLE.WORLD Typ=1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D

54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB()
這兩個(gè)函數(shù)都是用來(lái)對(duì)大數(shù)據(jù)類型字段進(jìn)行初始化操作的函數(shù)

55.GREATEST
返回一組表達(dá)式中的最大值,即比較字符的編碼大小.
SQL> select greatest(AA,AB,AC) from dual;
GR
--
AC
SQL> select greatest(啊,安,天) from dual;
GR
--
天

56.LEAST
返回一組表達(dá)式中的最小值
SQL> select least(啊,安,天) from dual;
LE
--
啊

6 SYSTEM
? 60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL)
all表示對(duì)所有的值求平均值,distinct只對(duì)不同的值求平均值
SQLWKS> create table table3(xm varchar(8),sal number(7,2));
語(yǔ)句已處理。
SQLWKS> insert into table3 values(gao,1111.11);
SQLWKS> insert into table3 values(gao,1111.11);
SQLWKS> insert into table3 values(zhu,5555.55);
SQLWKS> commit;
SQL> select avg(distinct sal) from gao.table3;
AVG(DISTINCTSAL)
----------------
3333.33
SQL> select avg(all sal) from gao.table3;
AVG(ALLSAL)
-----------
2592.59

61.MAX(DISTINCT|ALL)
求最大值,ALL表示對(duì)所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示對(duì)不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次
SQL> select max(distinct sal) from scott.emp;
MAX(DISTINCTSAL)
----------------
5000

62.MIN(DISTINCT|ALL)
求最小值,ALL表示對(duì)所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示對(duì)不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次
SQL> select min(all sal) from gao.table3;
MIN(ALLSAL)
-----------
1111.11

63.STDDEV(distinct|all)
求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,ALL表示對(duì)所有的值求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,DISTINCT表示只對(duì)不同的值求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差
SQL> select stddev(sal) from scott.emp;
STDDEV(SAL)
-----------
1182.5032
SQL> select stddev(distinct sal) from scott.emp;
STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL)
-------------------
1229.951

64.VARIANCE(DISTINCT|ALL)
求協(xié)方差
SQL> select variance(sal) from scott.emp;
VARIANCE(SAL)
-------------
1398313.9

65.GROUP BY
主要用來(lái)對(duì)一組數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)
SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno;
DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
10 3 8750
20 5 10875
30 6 9400

66.HAVING
對(duì)分組統(tǒng)計(jì)再加限制條件
SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno having count(*)>=5;
DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
20 5 10875
30 6 9400
SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp having count(*)>=5 group by deptno ;
DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL)
--------- --------- ---------
20 5 10875
30 6 9400

67.ORDER BY
用于對(duì)查詢到的結(jié)果進(jìn)行排序輸出
SQL> select deptno,ename,sal from scott.emp order by deptno,sal desc;
DEPTNO ENAME SAL
--------- ---------- ---------
10 KING 5000
10 CLARK 2450
10 MILLER 1300
20 SCOTT 3000
20 FORD 3000
20 JONES 2975
20 ADAMS 1100
20 SMITH 800
30 BLAKE 2850
30 ALLEN 1600
30 TURNER 1500
30 WARD 1250
30 MARTIN 1250
30 JAMES 950
68. pl/sql中的case語(yǔ)句
select (case when DUMMY='X' then 0 else 1 end) as flag from dual;
case的第1種用法：
case col when 'a' then 1
when 'b' then 2
else 0 end
這種用法跟decode一樣沒什么區(qū)別
case的第2種用法：
case when score <60 then 'd'
when score >=60 and score <70 then 'c'
when score >=70 and score <80 then 'b'
else 'a' end
69.NVL(expr1, expr2)
NVL(expr1, expr2)->expr1為NULL，返回expr2；不為NULL，返回expr1。注意兩者的類型要一致
NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3) ->expr1不為NULL，返回expr2；為NULL，返回expr3。expr2和expr3類型不同的話，expr3會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)換為expr2的類型
NULLIF (expr1, expr2) ->相等返回NULL，不等返回expr1

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