// A Builder is used to efficiently build a string using Write methods.
// It minimizes memory copying. The zero value is ready to use.
// Do not copy a non-zero Builder.
type Builder struct {
	addr *Builder // of receiver, to detect copies by value
	buf  []byte
}

// Write appends the contents of p to b's buffer.
// Write always returns len(p), nil.
func (b *Builder) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
	b.copyCheck()
	b.buf = append(b.buf, p...)
	return len(p), nil
}

// WriteByte appends the byte c to b's buffer.
// The returned error is always nil.
func (b *Builder) WriteByte(c byte) error {
	b.copyCheck()
	b.buf = append(b.buf, c)
	return nil
}

// WriteRune appends the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode code point r to b's buffer.
// It returns the length of r and a nil error.
func (b *Builder) WriteRune(r rune) (int, error) {
	b.copyCheck()
	// Compare as uint32 to correctly handle negative runes.
	if uint32(r) < utf8.RuneSelf {
		b.buf = append(b.buf, byte(r))
		return 1, nil
	}
	l := len(b.buf)
	if cap(b.buf)-l < utf8.UTFMax {
		b.grow(utf8.UTFMax)
	}
	n := utf8.EncodeRune(b.buf[l:l+utf8.UTFMax], r)
	b.buf = b.buf[:l+n]
	return n, nil
}

// WriteString appends the contents of s to b's buffer.
// It returns the length of s and a nil error.
func (b *Builder) WriteString(s string) (int, error) {
	b.copyCheck()
	b.buf = append(b.buf, s...)
	return len(s), nil
}

// String returns the accumulated string.
func (b *Builder) String() string {
	return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b.buf))
}

// Len returns the number of accumulated bytes; b.Len() == len(b.String()).
func (b *Builder) Len() int { return len(b.buf) }

// Cap returns the capacity of the builder's underlying byte slice. It is the
// total space allocated for the string being built and includes any bytes
// already written.
func (b *Builder) Cap() int { return cap(b.buf) }

// Reset resets the Builder to be empty.
func (b *Builder) Reset() {
	b.addr = nil
	b.buf = nil
}

// Grow grows b's capacity, if necessary, to guarantee space for
// another n bytes. After Grow(n), at least n bytes can be written to b
// without another allocation. If n is negative, Grow panics.
func (b *Builder) Grow(n int) {
	b.copyCheck()
	if n < 0 {
		panic("strings.Builder.Grow: negative count")
	}
	if cap(b.buf)-len(b.buf) < n {
		b.grow(n)
	}
}

// grow copies the buffer to a new, larger buffer so that there are at least n
// bytes of capacity beyond len(b.buf).
func (b *Builder) grow(n int) {
	buf := make([]byte, len(b.buf), 2*cap(b.buf)+n)
	copy(buf, b.buf)
	b.buf = buf
}

func (b *Builder) copyCheck() {
	if b.addr == nil {
		// This hack works around a failing of Go's escape analysis
		// that was causing b to escape and be heap allocated.
		// See issue 23382.
		// TODO: once issue 7921 is fixed, this should be reverted to
		// just "b.addr = b".
		b.addr = (*Builder)(noescape(unsafe.Pointer(b)))
	} else if b.addr != b {
		panic("strings: illegal use of non-zero Builder copied by value")
	}
}

func main() {
	var b1 strings.Builder
	b1.WriteString("ABC")
	b2 := b1
	b2.WriteString("DEF")//出錯在這一行，panic: strings: illegal use of non-zero Builder copied by value
}

func main() {
	var b1 strings.Builder
	b1.WriteString("ABC")
	b2 := b1
	fmt.Println(b2.String())//ABC
}

func main() {
	var b1 strings.Builder
	b1.WriteString("ABC")
	b2 := b1
	fmt.Println(b1.String()) //輸出：ABC
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) //輸出：ABC
	b1.WriteString("DEF")    
	fmt.Println(b1.String()) //輸出：ABCDEF
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) //輸出：ABC
}

func main() {
	var b1 strings.Builder
	b2 := b1
	fmt.Println(b1.String()) //輸出空行
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) //輸出空行
	b2.WriteString("DEF")
	fmt.Println(b1.String()) //輸出空行
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) //輸出：DEF
	b1.WriteString("ABC")
	fmt.Println(b1.String()) //輸出：ABC
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) //輸出：DEF
}

func main() {
	// Reset()
	// Len()
	// String()
	var b1 strings.Builder
	b1.WriteString("ABC")
	b2 := b1
	fmt.Println(b2.Len())    // 3
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) // ABC
	b2.Reset()
	b2.WriteString("DEF")
	fmt.Println(b2.String()) // DEF
}

func main() {
	var b1 strings.Builder
	fmt.Println(b1.Len()) //0
	fmt.Println(b1.Cap()) //0
	b1.Grow(3)
	fmt.Println(b1.Len()) //0
	fmt.Println(b1.Cap()) //3
	b1.Grow(1)
	fmt.Println(b1.Len()) //0
	fmt.Println(b1.Cap()) //3
}

func main() {
	a := strings.Builder{}
	a.Grow(11)
	fmt.Println(a.Len()) //0
	fmt.Println(a.Cap()) //11
	a.WriteRune('李')
	a.WriteRune('陸')
	a.WriteRune('豪')
	a.WriteRune('Z')
	a.WriteRune('Z')
	fmt.Println(a.Len()) //11
	fmt.Println(a.Cap()) //11	
}

func main() {
	var b strings.Builder
	n := 0
	var wait sync.WaitGroup
	for n < 1000 {
		wait.Add(1)
		go func() {
			b.WriteString("1")
			n++
			wait.Done()
		}()
	}
	wait.Wait()
	fmt.Println(len(b.String()))
	/*
			第一次運行輸出：946
		   第二次運行輸出：933
		 第三次運行輸出：900
	*/
}