一文帶你搞懂SpringBoot中自動裝配原理
引入
先看SpringBoot的主配置類
@SpringBootApplication
public class DemoApplication{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
SpringApplication.run(StartEurekaApplication.class, args);
}
}@SpringBootApplication
點(diǎn)進(jìn)@SpringBootApplication來看,發(fā)現(xiàn)@SpringBootApplication是一個(gè)組合注解。
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
}@SpringBootApplication 由 @Configuration、@EnableAutoConfiguration、@ComponentScan 注解的集合組成:
- @Configuration:允許注冊額外的 bean 或?qū)肫渌渲妙?/li>
- @EnableAutoConfiguration:啟用 SpringBoot 的自動配置機(jī)制
- @ComponentScan:掃描被@Component (@Repository,@Service,@Controller)注解的 bean,注解默認(rèn)會掃描該類所在的包下所有的類。
@SpringBootConfiguration
@SpringBootConfiguration 注解源碼如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Configuration
public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {
}可以看到這個(gè)注解除了元注解以外,就只有一個(gè)@Configuration,那也就是說這個(gè)注解相當(dāng)于@Configuration,所以這兩個(gè)注解作用是一樣的,也就是能夠去注冊一些額外的Bean,并且導(dǎo)入一些額外的配置。
@Configuration還有一個(gè)作用就是把該類變成一個(gè)配置類,不需要額外的XML進(jìn)行配置。所以@SpringBootConfiguration就相當(dāng)于@Configuration。
進(jìn)入@Configuration,發(fā)現(xiàn)@Configuration核心是@Component,說明Spring的配置類也是Spring的一個(gè)組件。
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component
public @interface Configuration {
@AliasFor(
annotation = Component.class
)
String value() default "";
}@EnableAutoConfiguration
繼續(xù)看@EnableAutoConfiguration,這個(gè)注解是開啟自動配置的功能,源碼如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import({AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class})
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
String ENABLED_OVERRIDE_PROPERTY = "spring.boot.enableautoconfiguration";
Class<?>[] exclude() default {};
String[] excludeName() default {};
}可以看到它是由 @AutoConfigurationPackage,@Import(EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)這兩個(gè)而組成的,
@AutoConfigurationPackage
先看@AutoConfigurationPackage,這是為了讓包中的類以及子包中的類能夠被自動掃描到spring容器中。
源碼如下:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@Import({Registrar.class})
public @interface AutoConfigurationPackage {
}可以看到,這里使用@Import 來給Spring容器中導(dǎo)入一個(gè)組件 ,這里導(dǎo)入的是Registrar.class。來看下這個(gè)Registrar:
static class Registrar implements ImportBeanDefinitionRegistrar, DeterminableImports {
Registrar() {
}
public void registerBeanDefinitions(AnnotationMetadata metadata, BeanDefinitionRegistry registry) {
AutoConfigurationPackages.register(registry, (new AutoConfigurationPackages.PackageImport(metadata)).getPackageName());
}
public Set<Object> determineImports(AnnotationMetadata metadata) {
return Collections.singleton(new AutoConfigurationPackages.PackageImport(metadata));
}
}就是通過以上這個(gè)方法獲取掃描的包路徑,可以debug查看具體的值:

那metadata是什么呢,可以看到是標(biāo)注在@SpringBootApplication注解上的DemoApplication,也就是主配置類Application:

其實(shí)就是將主配置類(即@SpringBootApplication標(biāo)注的類)的所在包及子包里面所有組件掃描加載到Spring容器。因此要把DemoApplication放在項(xiàng)目的最高級中(最外層目錄)。
@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
看看注解@Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class),@Import注解就是給Spring容器中導(dǎo)入一些組件,這里傳入了一個(gè)組件的選擇器:AutoConfigurationImportSelector。

可以從圖中看出AutoConfigurationImportSelector 繼承了 DeferredImportSelector 繼承了 ImportSelector,ImportSelector有一個(gè)方法為:selectImports。將所有需要導(dǎo)入的組件以全類名的方式返回,這些組件就會被添加到容器中。
public String[] selectImports(AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
if (!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
return NO_IMPORTS;
} else {
AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata = AutoConfigurationMetadataLoader.loadMetadata(this.beanClassLoader);
AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry autoConfigurationEntry =
this.getAutoConfigurationEntry(autoConfigurationMetadata, annotationMetadata);
return StringUtils.toStringArray(autoConfigurationEntry.getConfigurations());
}
}這里會給容器中導(dǎo)入 自動配置類(xxxAutoConfiguration),也就是給容器中導(dǎo)入這個(gè)場景需要的所有組件,并配置好這些組件。

有了自動配置類,就免去了手動編寫配置注入功能組件等的工作。
那是如何獲取到這些配置類的呢,看看下面這個(gè)方法:
protected AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry
getAutoConfigurationEntry(AutoConfigurationMetadata autoConfigurationMetadata, AnnotationMetadata annotationMetadata) {
if (!this.isEnabled(annotationMetadata)) {
return EMPTY_ENTRY;
} else {
AnnotationAttributes attributes = this.getAttributes(annotationMetadata);
List<String> configurations = this.getCandidateConfigurations(annotationMetadata, attributes);
configurations = this.removeDuplicates(configurations);
Set<String> exclusions = this.getExclusions(annotationMetadata, attributes);
this.checkExcludedClasses(configurations, exclusions);
configurations.removeAll(exclusions);
configurations = this.filter(configurations, autoConfigurationMetadata);
this.fireAutoConfigurationImportEvents(configurations, exclusions);
return new AutoConfigurationImportSelector.AutoConfigurationEntry(configurations, exclusions);
}
}可以看到getCandidateConfigurations()這個(gè)方法,他的作用就是引入系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)加載好的一些類,那么到底是那些類呢:
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(this.getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(), this.getBeanClassLoader());
Assert.notEmpty(configurations,
"No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
return configurations;
}
public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
String factoryClassName = factoryClass.getName();
return (List)loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryClassName, Collections.emptyList());
}會從META-INF/spring.factories中獲取資源,然后通過Properties加載資源:
private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(@Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
MultiValueMap<String, String> result = (MultiValueMap)cache.get(classLoader);
if (result != null) {
return result;
} else {
try {
Enumeration<URL> urls = classLoader !=
null ? classLoader.getResources("META-INF/spring.factories") : ClassLoader.getSystemResources("META-INF/spring.factories");
LinkedMultiValueMap result = new LinkedMultiValueMap();
while(urls.hasMoreElements()) {
URL url = (URL)urls.nextElement();
UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url);
Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);
Iterator var6 = properties.entrySet().iterator();
while(var6.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<?, ?> entry = (Map.Entry)var6.next();
String factoryClassName = ((String)entry.getKey()).trim();
String[] var9 = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String)entry.getValue());
int var10 = var9.length;
for(int var11 = 0; var11 < var10; ++var11) {
String factoryName = var9[var11];
result.add(factoryClassName, factoryName.trim());
}
}
}
cache.put(classLoader, result);
return result;
} catch (IOException var13) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [META-INF/spring.factories]", var13);
}
}
}可以知道SpringBoot在啟動的時(shí)候從類路徑下的META-INF/spring.factories中獲取EnableAutoConfiguration指定的值,將這些值作為自動配置類導(dǎo)入到容器中,自動配置類就生效,幫我們進(jìn)行自動配置工作。以前需要自己配置的東西,自動配置類都幫我們完成了。
如下圖可以發(fā)現(xiàn)Spring常見的一些類已經(jīng)自動導(dǎo)入。

@ComponentScan
接下來看@ComponentScan注解,@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = { @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class), @Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) }),這個(gè)注解就是掃描包,然后放入spring容器。
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM,classes = {TypeExcludeFilter.class}),
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM,classes = {AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class})})
public @interface SpringBootApplication {}總結(jié)下@SpringbootApplication:就是說,他已經(jīng)把很多東西準(zhǔn)備好,具體是否使用取決于我們的程序或者說配置。
小結(jié)
總的來說,SpringBoot的自動裝配原理就是 通過@EnableAutoConfiguration注解在類路徑的META-INF/spring.factories文件中找到所有的對應(yīng)配置類,然后將這些自動配置類加載到spring容器中
run方法
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}來看下在執(zhí)行run方法到底有沒有用到哪些自動配置的東西,點(diǎn)進(jìn)run:
public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
//計(jì)時(shí)器
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
Collection<SpringBootExceptionReporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList();
this.configureHeadlessProperty();
//監(jiān)聽器
SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = this.getRunListeners(args);
listeners.starting();
Collection exceptionReporters;
try {
ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
ConfigurableEnvironment environment = this.prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
this.configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
Banner printedBanner = this.printBanner(environment);
//準(zhǔn)備上下文
context = this.createApplicationContext();
exceptionReporters = this.getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class, new Class[]{ConfigurableApplicationContext.class}, context);
//預(yù)刷新context
this.prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
//刷新context
this.refreshContext(context);
//刷新之后的context
this.afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
stopWatch.stop();
if (this.logStartupInfo) {
(new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass)).logStarted(this.getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);
}
listeners.started(context);
this.callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
} catch (Throwable var10) {
this.handleRunFailure(context, var10, exceptionReporters, listeners);
throw new IllegalStateException(var10);
}
try {
listeners.running(context);
return context;
} catch (Throwable var9) {
this.handleRunFailure(context, var9, exceptionReporters, (SpringApplicationRunListeners)null);
throw new IllegalStateException(var9);
}
}那我們關(guān)注的就是 refreshContext(context); 刷新context,我們點(diǎn)進(jìn)來看。
private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
refresh(context);
if (this.registerShutdownHook) {
try {
context.registerShutdownHook();
}
catch (AccessControlException ex) {
// Not allowed in some environments.
}
}
}繼續(xù)點(diǎn)進(jìn)refresh(context);
protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext);
((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();
}會調(diào)用 ((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();方法,點(diǎn)進(jìn)來看:
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
// Prepare this context for refreshing.
prepareRefresh();
// Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();
// Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);
try {
// Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);
// Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);
// Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);
// Initialize message source for this context.
initMessageSource();
// Initialize event multicaster for this context.
initApplicationEventMulticaster();
// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.
onRefresh();
// Check for listener beans and register them.
registerListeners();
// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);
// Last step: publish corresponding event.
finishRefresh();
}catch (BeansException ex) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
}
// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
destroyBeans();
// Reset 'active' flag.
cancelRefresh(ex);
// Propagate exception to caller.
throw ex;
}finally {
// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
resetCommonCaches();
}
}
}由此可知,就是一個(gè)spring的bean的加載過程。繼續(xù)來看一個(gè)方法叫做 onRefresh():
protected void onRefresh() throws BeansException {
// For subclasses: do nothing by default.
}在這里并沒有直接實(shí)現(xiàn),找他的具體實(shí)現(xiàn):

比如Tomcat跟web有關(guān),可以看到有個(gè)ServletWebServerApplicationContext:
@Override
protected void onRefresh() {
super.onRefresh();
try {
createWebServer();
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
}
}可以看到有一個(gè)createWebServer()方法,用于創(chuàng)建web容器,而Tomcat不就是web容器。
那是如何創(chuàng)建的呢:
private void createWebServer() {
WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {
ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
}
else if (servletContext != null) {
try {
getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
}
catch (ServletException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context",
ex);
}
}
initPropertySources();
}factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer()),顯然是通過工廠的方式創(chuàng)建的。
public interface ServletWebServerFactory {
WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers);
}可以看到 它是一個(gè)接口,為什么會是接口。因?yàn)椴恢故荰omcat一種web容器,可以看到還有Jetty

接下來看TomcatServletWebServerFactory:
@Override
public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory
: createTempDir("tomcat");
tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
customizeConnector(connector);
tomcat.setConnector(connector);
tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
}
prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
}這塊代碼,就是要尋找的內(nèi)置Tomcat,在這個(gè)過程當(dāng)中,可以看到創(chuàng)建Tomcat的一個(gè)流程。
也就是:
- 首先從main找到run()方法,在執(zhí)行run()方法之前new一個(gè)SpringApplication對象
- 進(jìn)入run()方法,創(chuàng)建應(yīng)用監(jiān)聽器SpringApplicationRunListeners開始監(jiān)聽
- 然后加載SpringBoot配置環(huán)境(ConfigurableEnvironment),然后把配置環(huán)境(Environment)加入監(jiān)聽對象中
- 然后加載應(yīng)用上下文(ConfigurableApplicationContext),當(dāng)做run方法的返回對象
- 最后創(chuàng)建Spring容器,refreshContext(context),實(shí)現(xiàn)starter自動化配置和bean的實(shí)例化等工作。
到此這篇關(guān)于一文帶你搞懂SpringBoot中自動裝配原理的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)SpringBoot自動裝配原理內(nèi)容請搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家!
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