Line 1: The quick brown fox
Line 2: jumps over
Line 3: the lazy dog.
Line 4: ---
Line 5: C++ File I/O
Line 6: is powerful.
Line 7: ---
Line 8: Testing line 8.
Line 9: Testing line 9.
Line 10: Testing line 10.
Line 11: Testing line 11.
Line 12: Testing line 12.
Line 13: This is the final line.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

void printLast10_Naive(const string& filename) {
    ifstream file(filename);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        cerr << "錯誤: 無法打開文件 " << filename << endl;
        return;
    }

    vector<string> allLines;
    string line;
    
    // 1. “天真”地讀取 *所有* 行
    while (getline(file, line)) {
        allLines.push_back(line);
    }
    file.close();

    // 2. 計算從哪里開始打印
    int totalLines = allLines.size();
    int start_index = 0;
    if (totalLines > 10) {
        start_index = totalLines - 10;
    }

    // 3. 打印最后 10 (或更少) 行
    cout << "--- 方法 1 (Naive) ---" << endl;
    for (int i = start_index; i < totalLines; ++i) {
        cout << allLines[i] << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    printLast10_Naive("testlog.txt");
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <deque> // 需要雙端隊列
using namespace std;

void printLast10_Circular(const string& filename, int N = 10) {
    ifstream file(filename);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        cerr << "錯誤: 無法打開文件 " << filename << endl;
        return;
    }

    deque<string> buffer;
    string line;

    // 1. 仍然讀取 *所有* 行
    while (getline(file, line)) {
        // 2. 添加到“隊尾”
        buffer.push_back(line);
        
        // 3. 如果緩沖區(qū)“超載”，從“隊首”擠掉
        if (buffer.size() > N) {
            buffer.pop_front();
        }
    }
    file.close();

    // 4. 打印緩沖區(qū)中剩下的 N 行
    cout << "--- 方法 2 (Circular Buffer) ---" << endl;
    for (const string& s : buffer) {
        cout << s << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    printLast10_Circular("testlog.txt");
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

void printLast10_Pro(const string& filename, int N = 10) {
    ifstream file(filename);
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        cerr << "錯誤: 無法打開文件 " << filename << endl;
        return;
    }

    // 1. 跳轉(zhuǎn)到文件末尾
    //    (ios::ate 模式可以打開文件并立即定位到末尾)
    //    或者使用 seekg:
    file.seekg(0, ios::end); 

    // 2. 獲取當(dāng)前位置（即文件總大?。?
    long long pos = file.tellg();
    
    // 如果文件為空
    if (pos == 0) {
        cout << "文件為空。" << endl;
        return;
    }
    
    int newlineCount = 0;
    string lineBuffer; // 用于讀取最后的殘行

    // 3. “行內(nèi)預(yù)警”：我們從 *最后一個字符* 開始往前“跳”
    // (pos 是文件大小，最后一個字符的索引是 pos - 1)
    for (long long i = pos - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        file.seekg(i); // “跳”到第 i 個字節(jié)
        
        char c = file.get(); // 讀取那 1 個字節(jié)
        
        if (c == '\n') {
            newlineCount++;
        }
        
        // 4. “剎車”：當(dāng)我們找到 N 個換行符時
        // (注意：GFG的例子是 == N，但 >= N 更健壯)
        if (newlineCount >= N) {
            // “行內(nèi)預(yù)警”：我們需要跳到 *這個換行符之后* 的位置
            file.seekg(i + 1); 
            break; // 停止“回溯”
        }
    }
    
    // 5. 如果文件行數(shù)不足 N，我們最終會跳到開頭
    if (newlineCount < N) {
        file.seekg(0); // 重置到文件開頭
    }

    // 6. 現(xiàn)在，從我們“停下”的位置，*順序* 讀到文件末尾
    cout << "--- 方法 3 (Seek from End) ---" << endl;
    string line;
    while (getline(file, line)) {
        cout << line << endl;
    }

    file.close();
}

int main() {
    printLast10_Pro("testlog.txt");
    return 0;
}

PS C:\MyCode> g++ ... # 編譯所有 .cpp 文件
PS C:\MyCode> .\naive_tail.exe
--- 方法 1 (Naive) ---
Line 4: ---
Line 5: C++ File I/O
Line 6: is powerful.
Line 7: ---
Line 8: Testing line 8.
Line 9: Testing line 9.
Line 10: Testing line 10.
Line 11: Testing line 11.
Line 12: Testing line 12.
Line 13: This is the final line.

PS C:\MyCode> .\circular_buffer.exe
--- 方法 2 (Circular Buffer) ---
Line 4: ---
... (輸出同上) ...
Line 13: This is the final line.

PS C:\MyCode> .\seekg_pro.exe
--- 方法 3 (Seek from End) ---
Line 4: ---
... (輸出同上) ...
Line 13: This is the final line.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <deque>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

// --- TODO 1 & 2: 修改函數(shù)，使其返回 vector<string> ---
vector<string> getLastNLines_Circular(const string& filename, int N = 10) {
    ifstream file(filename);
    deque<string> buffer;
    
    // （如果打開失敗，返回一個空 vector）
    if (!file.is_open()) {
        cerr << "錯誤: 無法打開文件 " << filename << endl;
        return vector<string>(); 
    }
    
    string line;
    while (getline(file, line)) {
        buffer.push_back(line);
        if (buffer.size() > N) {
            buffer.pop_front();
        }
    }
    file.close();

    // --- TODO 2: 將 deque 轉(zhuǎn)換為 vector 并返回 ---
    // (提示：vector 有一個構(gòu)造函數(shù)可以直接接收兩個迭代器)
    // return vector<string>(buffer.begin(), buffer.end());
}

int main() {
    // --- TODO 3: 調(diào)用新函數(shù)并打印 ---
    cout << "--- 測試 getLastNLines (N=5) ---" << endl;
    
    // vector<string> last5Lines = getLastNLines_Circular("testlog.txt", 5);
    
    // for (const string& s : last5Lines) {
    //     cout << s << endl;
    // }
    
    return 0;
}