Python繪圖之實現(xiàn)繪制極坐標圖像

更新時間：2023年08月30日 09:08:00 作者：微小冷

這篇文章主要介紹了如何利用python繪制極坐標圖像,文中的示例代碼講解詳細,具有一定的的參考價值,感興趣的小伙伴可以跟隨小編一起學(xué)習(xí)一下

舊代碼整改

用坐標個數(shù)來判斷是否繪制三維圖的確很直觀，但從matplotlib的繪圖邏輯來說卻非如此，對于matplotlib來說，只有直角坐標是真實的，其他坐標都是數(shù)據(jù)在直角坐標上的投影罷了，這也是projection這個參數(shù)的來源。

所以，DrawType還有進一步升級的空間。即除了圖表類型、參數(shù)個數(shù)之外，還可以加一個投影類型，即用于規(guī)范Projection參數(shù)。

但在此之前，需要對其做一點小的整改。即最開創(chuàng)建DrawType這個類的時候，用數(shù)字來表示坐標個數(shù)。但后來發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實這六種組合如果用字母表示會更加方便。所以DrawType初始化函數(shù)中的self.dims可做如下修改

self.dims = ("x", "xy", "xyz", "tx", "txy", "txyz")    # 繪圖維度

同時getDim函數(shù)也不用那么麻煩了，直接像下面這樣。

def getDim(self):
    return self.drawDim.get()

同時，DrawType已經(jīng)指明了坐標軸，那么單個的x,y,z,t按鈕舊沒必要存在了。可以將AxisList中的相關(guān)代碼全都刪掉。

投影下拉選框

投影和維度從設(shè)計方式來說是完全一致的，只需添加

self.projs = ("None", "3d", "polar")

在initVar中添加

self.drawDim = tk.StringVar()
self.drawDim.set(dim)

在initWidgets中添加

slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[1], textvariable=self.drawProj)
slct['value'] = self.projs
slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)

并創(chuàng)建getProj函數(shù)

def getProj(self):
    return self.drawProj.get()

這個時候界面又變得臃腫了，所以再調(diào)整調(diào)整，最后效果為

繪圖邏輯

下面更新繪圖邏輯，盡管只是多了一個設(shè)定坐標映射的功能，但從可擴展性的角度觸發(fā)，還是新建一個專門設(shè)置坐標軸的函數(shù)比較好。故而在DrawSystem中添加setDrawAxis函數(shù)

def setDrawAxis(self):
    p = self.drawTypeDim.getProj() 
    if p == "None":
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot()
    else:
        ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection=p)
    return ax

然后發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個小bug，就是無論在繪圖時是否使用z軸坐標，但會一并讀取z軸數(shù)據(jù)，這里稍作改善，將readDatas中的循環(huán)改為

for flag in self.drawTypeDim.getDim():

這樣就可以繪制極坐標圖了

源代碼

雖然新增了一個功能，但因為優(yōu)化了聲明繪圖維度的部分代碼，所以代碼行數(shù)并沒有太多改變，所有源代碼如下，只需放在.py文件中并用Python調(diào)用，就可以愉快地畫圖了

import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename
import matplotlib as mpl
mpl.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (
    FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
from matplotlib.figure import Figure
import numpy as np
class AxisFrame(ttk.Frame):
    # widths 是每個控件的寬度
    def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.label = label
        self.initVar(mode)
        self.initWidgets(widths)
    def initVar(self, mode):
        self.MODES = ("序列化", "源代碼", "外部導(dǎo)入", "無數(shù)據(jù)")
        self.mode = tk.StringVar()
        self.setMode(mode)
    def initWidgets(self, widths):
        tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode)
        self.slct['value'] = self.MODES
        self.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2])
        self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X)
    def setText(self, text):
        self.entry.delete(0, "end")
        self.entry.insert(0, text)
    def get(self):
        return self.entry.get()
    def setMode(self, mode):
        if type(mode) != str:
            mode = self.MODES[mode]
        self.mode.set(mode)
    def setData(self, data=None, **txyz):
        if self.mode.get() == "序列化":
            return self.getArray()
        elif self.mode.get() == "外部導(dǎo)入":
            return self.loadData(data)
        else:
            return self.readPython(**txyz)
    def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None):
        self.data = eval(self.get())
        return self.data
    def loadData(self, data):
        if type(data) != type(None):
            self.data = data
        return self.data
    def getArray(self):
        val = self.get()
        self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})")
        return self.data
class AxisList(ttk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, master, 
        title, mode, widths, 
        types, slctType,        # 繪圖類型Combobox的參數(shù)
        **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.afs = {}
        self.data = {}
        self.initWidgets(title, widths)
        self.initFeature(types, slctType)
        self.initAxis(mode, widths)
    def initWidgets(self, title, widths):
        self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5,
            command=self.Click)
        self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES)
        self._c = ttk.Frame(self)
        self.collapsed = True
        self.Click()
    def initFeature(self, types, slctType):
        frm = ttk.Frame(self._c)
        frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="加載",width=5,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, types, slctType, 
            func=self.dimChanged)
        self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
        self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'}
    def dimChanged(self, evt):
        txyz = self.getDrawDim()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.vis[flag] = flag in txyz
        self.updateVisible()
    def updateVisible(self):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag].pack_forget()
        for flag in 'txyz':
            if self.vis[flag]:
                self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
    def getDrawType(self):
        return self.drawTypeDim.getType()
    def getDrawDim(self):
        return self.drawTypeDim.getDim()
    def initAxis(self, mode, widths):
        for flag in 'txyz':
            self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths)
            self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.vis = {L : L in self.getDrawDim() for L in 'txyz'}
        self.updateVisible()
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.setOneMode(flag, "外部導(dǎo)入")
            self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def Click(self):
        if self.collapsed:
            self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES)            
        else:
            self._c.pack_forget()
        self.collapsed = not self.collapsed
    def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options):
        return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options)
    def setOneMode(self, flag, mode):
        self.afs[flag].setMode(mode)
# 繪圖類型和維度
class DrawType(ttk.Frame):
    # ws為兩個combobox的寬
    def __init__(self, master, types, slctType, 
        slctDim="xyz", slctProj='3d', ws=None, func=None, **options):
        super().__init__(master, **options)
        self.pack()
        self.types = types  # 繪圖類型
        self.dims = ("x", "xy", "xyz", "tx", "txy", "txyz")    # 繪圖維度
        self.projs = ("None", "3d", "polar")
        self.dimChanged = func
        self.initVar(slctType, slctDim, slctProj)
        self.initWidgets(ws)
    def initVar(self, slctType, dim, proj):
        self.drawType = tk.StringVar()
        self.drawType.set(slctType)
        self.drawDim = tk.StringVar()
        self.drawDim.set(dim)
        self.drawProj = tk.StringVar()
        self.drawProj.set(proj)
    def initWidgets(self, ws):
        if ws==None: ws = [5, 5, 3]
        slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[0], textvariable=self.drawType)
        slct['value'] = self.types
        slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
        slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[1], textvariable=self.drawProj)
        slct['value'] = self.projs
        slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
        slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[2], textvariable=self.drawDim)
        slct['value'] = self.dims
        slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
        slct.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', self.dimChanged)
    def getType(self): 
        return self.drawType.get()
    def getDim(self):
        return self.drawDim.get()
    def getProj(self):
        return self.drawProj.get()
class DarwSystem():
    def __init__(self):
        self.root = tk.Tk()
        self.root.title("數(shù)據(jù)展示工具")
        self.data = {}
        self.als = []
        self.initConst()
        self.setFrmCtrl()
        frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root)
        frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.setFrmFig(frmFig)
        self.root.mainloop()
    def initConst(self):
        self.TYPES = ("點線圖", "散點圖", "條形圖")
        self.drawDct = {
            "點線圖" : self.drawPlot,
            "散點圖" : self.drawScatter,
            "條形圖" : self.drawBar
        }
    def setFrmCtrl(self):
        frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320)
        frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)
        frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320)
        frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.setCtrlButtons(frm)
        self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl)
        self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.addLast(None)
    # ! 工具欄
    def setCtrlButtons(self, frm):
        self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, self.TYPES, "點線圖")
        self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="??",width=3,
            command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        ttk.Button(frm, text="??",width=3,
            command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="+", width=3)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast)
        btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="-", width=3)
        btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT)
        btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast)
    def addLast(self, evt):
        title = f"坐標{len(self.als)}"
        al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,20], 
            self.TYPES, self.drawTypeDim.getType())
        al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
        self.als.append(al)
    def deleteLast(self, evt):
        self.als[-1].pack_forget()
        del self.als[-1]
    def btnLoadData(self):
        name = askopenfilename()
        data = np.genfromtxt(name)
        for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'):
            if i >= data.shape[1]:
                return
            self.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部導(dǎo)入")
            self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i])
    def readDatas(self, al):
        dct = {}
        data = {}
        for flag in self.drawTypeDim.getDim():
            data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct)
            dct[flag] = data[flag]
        return data
    def setDrawAxis(self):
        p = self.drawTypeDim.getProj() 
        if p == "None":
            ax = self.fig.add_subplot()
        else:
            ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection=p)
        return ax
    def btnDrawImg(self):
        self.fig.clf()
        keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim()
        p = '3d' if 'z' in keys else None
        ax = self.setDrawAxis()
        for al in self.als:
            data = self.readDatas(al)
            draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()]
            draw(ax, data, keys)
        self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08)
        self.canvas.draw()
    def drawBar(self, ax, data, keys):
        ax.bar(data['x'], data['y'])
    def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys):
        ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys])
    def drawScatter(self, ax, data, keys):
        ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys])
    def setFrmFig(self, frmFig):
        self.fig = Figure()
        self.canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig)
        self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(
            side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES)
        self.toolbar = NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig,
            pack_toolbar=False)
        self.toolbar.update()
        self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT)
if __name__ == "__main__":
    test = DarwSystem()

以上就是Python繪圖之實現(xiàn)繪制極坐標圖像的詳細內(nèi)容，更多關(guān)于Python極坐標的資料請關(guān)注腳本之家其它相關(guān)文章！

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