class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.name} ({self.age}歲)"
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Person('{self.name}', {self.age})"
 
# 使用示例
p = Person("張三", 25)
print(str(p))    # 輸出：張三 (25歲) - 用戶(hù)友好
print(repr(p))   # 輸出：Person('張三', 25) - 開(kāi)發(fā)者友好

# 基本用法
name = "Alice"
age = 25
print("Name: %s, Age: %d" % (name, age))  # 輸出：Name: Alice, Age: 25
 
# 格式化浮點(diǎn)數(shù)
pi = 3.14159
print("Pi的值約為: %.2f" % pi)  # 輸出：Pi的值約為: 3.14
 
# 字典格式化
data = {"name": "Bob", "score": 95.5}
print("姓名: %(name)s, 分?jǐn)?shù): %(score).1f" % data)  # 輸出：姓名: Bob, 分?jǐn)?shù): 95.5

# 基本用法
name = "Alice"
age = 25
print("Name: {}, Age: {}".format(name, age))  # 輸出：Name: Alice, Age: 25
 
# 位置參數(shù)
print("Name: {0}, Age: {1}. {0}是個(gè)好名字!".format(name, age))
 
# 關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)
print("Name: {name}, Age: {age}".format(name=name, age=age))
 
# 格式規(guī)范
price = 19.99
print("價(jià)格: {:.2f}元".format(price))  # 輸出：價(jià)格: 19.99元
print("數(shù)字: {:05d}".format(42))      # 輸出：數(shù)字: 00042
 
# 訪(fǎng)問(wèn)對(duì)象屬性
class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
 
p = Point(3, 4)
print("坐標(biāo): ({p.x}, {p.y})".format(p=p))  # 輸出：坐標(biāo): (3, 4)

name = "Alice"
age = 25
 
# 基本用法
print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")  # 輸出：Name: Alice, Age: 25
 
# 表達(dá)式求值
a, b = 5, 3
print(f"{a} +  = {a + b}")  # 輸出：5 + 3 = 8
 
# 方法調(diào)用
print(f"姓名大寫(xiě): {name.upper()}")  # 輸出：姓名大寫(xiě): ALICE
 
# 格式規(guī)范
price = 19.99
print(f"價(jià)格: {price:.2f}元")      # 輸出：價(jià)格: 19.99元
print(f"百分比: {0.256:.1%}")      # 輸出：百分比: 25.6%
 
# 字典取值
person = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30}
print(f"姓名: {person['name']}, 年齡: {person['age']}")
 
# 多行f-string
message = f"""
個(gè)人信息:
  姓名: {name}
  年齡: {age}
  出生年份: {2023 - age}
"""
print(message)

# 定義格式映射
format_dict = {
    'ymd': '{d.year}-{d.month}-{d.day}',
    'mdy': '{d.month}/{d.day}/{d.year}',
    'dmy': '{d.day}.{d.month}.{d.year}'
}
 
class Date:
    def __init__(self, year, month, day):
        self.year = year
        self.month = month
        self.day = day
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        # 如果沒(méi)有提供格式說(shuō)明或格式不支持，使用默認(rèn)格式
        if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict:
            format_spec = 'ymd'
        
        # 獲取對(duì)應(yīng)的格式字符串
        fmt = format_dict[format_spec]
        return fmt.format(d=self)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.year}-{self.month}-{self.day}"
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Date({self.year}, {self.month}, {self.day})"
 
# 使用示例
d = Date(2023, 10, 15)
print(f"默認(rèn)格式: wppm3vysvbp")           # 輸出：默認(rèn)格式: 2023-10-15
print(f"美國(guó)格式: {d:mdy}")       # 輸出：美國(guó)格式: 10/15/2023
print(f"歐洲格式: {d:dmy}")       # 輸出：歐洲格式: 15.10.2023
print("格式化: {}".format(d))     # 輸出：格式化: 2023-10-15
print("特定格式: {:mdy}".format(d)) # 輸出：特定格式: 10/15/2023

class Product:
    def __init__(self, name, price, category):
        self.name = name
        self.price = price
        self.category = category
        self._created_at = "2023-10-04"
    
    def __str__(self):
        """用戶(hù)友好的簡(jiǎn)單表示"""
        return f"{self.name} - ￥{self.price:.2f}"
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        """支持多種詳細(xì)格式"""
        if format_spec == "detail":
            return (f"產(chǎn)品名稱(chēng): {self.name}\n"
                   f"產(chǎn)品價(jià)格: ￥{self.price:.2f}\n"
                   f"產(chǎn)品分類(lèi): {self.category}\n"
                   f"上架時(shí)間: {self._created_at}")
        elif format_spec == "json":
            return (f'{{"name": "{self.name}", "price": {self.price}, '
                   f'"category": "{self.category}"}}')
        elif format_spec == "csv":
            return f'"{self.name}",{self.price},"{self.category}"'
        else:
            # 默認(rèn)格式
            return str(self)
    
    def __repr__(self):
        """開(kāi)發(fā)者友好的詳細(xì)表示"""
        return f"Product(name='{self.name}', price={self.price}, category='{self.category}')"
 
# 使用示例
product = Product("Python編程指南", 59.99, "圖書(shū)")
 
print(str(product))          # 輸出：Python編程指南 - ￥59.99
print(repr(product))         # 輸出：Product(name='Python編程指南', price=59.99, category='圖書(shū)')
print(f"{product}")          # 輸出：Python編程指南 - ￥59.99
print(f"{product:detail}")   # 輸出詳細(xì)格式
print(f"{product:json}")     # 輸出：{"name": "Python編程指南", "price": 59.99, "category": "圖書(shū)"}
print(f"{product:csv}")      # 輸出："Python編程指南",59.99,"圖書(shū)"

class Currency:
    def __init__(self, amount, symbol="￥"):
        self.amount = amount
        self.symbol = symbol
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        """支持貨幣的特定格式化"""
        if not format_spec:
            # 默認(rèn)格式：貨幣符號(hào) + 兩位小數(shù)
            return f"{self.symbol}{self.amount:.2f}"
        
        # 解析格式說(shuō)明符
        if format_spec == "int":
            # 整數(shù)格式：四舍五入到整數(shù)
            return f"{self.symbol}{round(self.amount):,}"
        elif format_spec.startswith("decimal:"):
            # 指定小數(shù)位數(shù)：decimal:3表示3位小數(shù)
            decimals = int(format_spec.split(":")[1])
            return f"{self.symbol}{self.amount:.{decimals}f}"
        elif format_spec == "words":
            # 中文大寫(xiě)數(shù)字（簡(jiǎn)化版）
            digits = "零一二三四五六七八九"
            integer_part = int(self.amount)
            decimal_part = round((self.amount - integer_part) * 100)
            integer_str = "".join(digits[int(d)] for d in str(integer_part))
            return f"{integer_str}點(diǎn){decimal_part:02d}"
        else:
            # 使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的格式規(guī)范
            return format(self.amount, format_spec)
 
# 使用示例
price = Currency(1234.5678)
 
print(f"默認(rèn): {price}")           # 輸出：默認(rèn): ￥1234.57
print(f"整數(shù): {price:int}")        # 輸出：整數(shù): ￥1,235
print(f"三位小數(shù): {price:decimal:3}") # 輸出：三位小數(shù): ￥1234.568
print(f"中文: {price:words}")      # 輸出：中文: 一二三四點(diǎn)五七
print(f"科學(xué)計(jì)數(shù): {price:e}")      # 輸出：科學(xué)計(jì)數(shù): 1.234568e+03

class SalesReport:
    def __init__(self, period, revenue, expenses, profit):
        self.period = period
        self.revenue = revenue
        self.expenses = expenses
        self.profit = profit
        self.margin = (profit / revenue) * 100 if revenue else 0
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        if format_spec == "summary":
            return (f"=== {self.period} 銷(xiāo)售報(bào)告 ===\n"
                   f"收入: ￥{self.revenue:,.2f}\n"
                   f"支出: ￥{self.expenses:,.2f}\n"
                   f"利潤(rùn): ￥{self.profit:,.2f}\n"
                   f"利潤(rùn)率: {self.margin:.1f}%")
        elif format_spec == "table":
            return (f"{self.period:^15} | {self.revenue:>10,.2f} | "
                   f"{self.expenses:>10,.2f} | {self.profit:>10,.2f} | "
                   f"{self.margin:>6.1f}%")
        elif format_spec == "csv":
            return f"{self.period},{self.revenue:.2f},{self.expenses:.2f},{self.profit:.2f},{self.margin:.2f}"
        else:
            return f"銷(xiāo)售報(bào)告[{self.period}]: 利潤(rùn)￥{self.profit:,.2f}"
 
# 使用示例
report = SalesReport("2023-Q3", 1500000, 950000, 550000)
 
print(f"{report:summary}")
# 輸出:
# === 2023-Q3 銷(xiāo)售報(bào)告 ===
# 收入: ￥1,500,000.00
# 支出: ￥950,000.00
# 利潤(rùn): ￥550,000.00
# 利潤(rùn)率: 36.7%
 
print(f"{report:table}")
# 輸出:   2023-Q3     | 1,500,000.00 | 950,000.00 | 550,000.00 |  36.7%
 
print(f"{report:csv}")
# 輸出: 2023-Q3,1500000.00,950000.00,550000.00,36.67

import logging
import time
 
class TimedOperation:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.start_time = time.time()
        self.end_time = None
        self.result = None
    
    def complete(self, result=None):
        self.end_time = time.time()
        self.result = result
        return self
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        duration = self.end_time - self.start_time if self.end_time else time.time() - self.start_time
        
        if format_spec == "debug":
            status = "完成" if self.end_time else "進(jìn)行中"
            result_info = f", 結(jié)果: {self.result}" if self.result else ""
            return (f"操作[{self.name}] - 狀態(tài): {status}, "
                   f"耗時(shí): {duration:.3f}秒{result_info}")
        elif format_spec == "short":
            return f"{self.name}: {duration:.2f}s"
        elif format_spec == "json":
            status = "completed" if self.end_time else "running"
            return (f'{{"name": "{self.name}", "status": "{status}", '
                   f'"duration": {duration:.3f}, "result": {self.result}}}')
        else:
            return f"操作: {self.name}, 耗時(shí): {duration:.2f}秒"
 
# 配置日志
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, 
                   format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
 
# 使用示例
op = TimedOperation("數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入")
time.sleep(0.5)  # 模擬操作
op.complete("成功")
 
# 不同詳細(xì)程度的日志
logging.debug(f"{op:debug}")   # 詳細(xì)調(diào)試信息
logging.info(f"{op:short}")    # 簡(jiǎn)潔信息
logging.warning(f"{op:json}")  # JSON格式用于系統(tǒng)集成
 
print(f"默認(rèn)格式: {op}")        # 普通輸出

class LocalizedNumber:
    # 區(qū)域設(shè)置映射
    LOCALE_FORMATS = {
        'en-US': {'decimal': '.', 'thousands': ',', 'currency': '$'},
        'de-DE': {'decimal': ',', 'thousands': '.', 'currency': '€'},
        'ja-JP': {'decimal': '.', 'thousands': ',', 'currency': '￥'},
        'zh-CN': {'decimal': '.', 'thousands': ',', 'currency': '￥'}
    }
    
    def __init__(self, value, locale='zh-CN'):
        self.value = value
        self.locale = locale
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        locale_info = self.LOCALE_FORMATS.get(self.locale, self.LOCALE_FORMATS['zh-CN'])
        
        if format_spec == 'currency':
            # 貨幣格式
            return f"{locale_info['currency']}{self.value:,.2f}".replace(',', 'X').replace('.', locale_info['decimal']).replace('X', locale_info['thousands'])
        elif format_spec == 'number':
            # 數(shù)字格式
            return f"{self.value:,.2f}".replace(',', 'X').replace('.', locale_info['decimal']).replace('X', locale_info['thousands'])
        elif format_spec == 'percent':
            # 百分比格式
            return f"{self.value:.1%}".replace('.', locale_info['decimal'])
        else:
            return str(self.value)
 
# 使用示例
number = LocalizedNumber(1234567.89, 'zh-CN')
print(f"中文貨幣: {number:currency}")    # 輸出：中文貨幣: ￥1,234,567.89
 
number_en = LocalizedNumber(1234567.89, 'en-US')
print(f"英文貨幣: {number_en:currency}") # 輸出：英文貨幣: $1,234,567.89
 
number_de = LocalizedNumber(1234567.89, 'de-DE')
print(f"德語(yǔ)數(shù)字: {number_de:number}")   # 輸出：德語(yǔ)數(shù)字: 1.234.567,89
 
percent = LocalizedNumber(0.256, 'de-DE')
print(f"德語(yǔ)百分比: {percent:percent}")  # 輸出：德語(yǔ)百分比: 25,6%

import timeit
 
# 性能對(duì)比測(cè)試
def test_performance():
    name = "Alice"
    age = 25
    
    # 測(cè)試不同格式化方法的性能
    tests = {
        "f-string": lambda: f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}",
        "format()": lambda: "Name: {}, Age: {}".format(name, age),
        "% formatting": lambda: "Name: %s, Age: %d" % (name, age)
    }
    
    for name, test in tests.items():
        time = timeit.timeit(test, number=100000)
        print(f"{name}: {time:.4f}秒")
 
# 預(yù)編譯格式字符串（適用于復(fù)雜且重復(fù)使用的格式）
class OptimizedFormatter:
    def __init__(self, template):
        self.template = template
    
    def format(self, **kwargs):
        return self.template.format(**kwargs)
 
# 創(chuàng)建預(yù)編譯的格式化器
formatter = OptimizedFormatter("Name: {name}, Age: {age}, Score: {score:.2f}")
 
# 高效重復(fù)使用
def generate_reports(people_data):
    reports = []
    for person in people_data:
        reports.append(formatter.format(**person))
    return reports
 
# 懶計(jì)算格式化（適用于代價(jià)高的計(jì)算）
class LazyFormat:
    def __init__(self, template, **kwargs):
        self.template = template
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        self._formatted = None
    
    def __str__(self):
        if self._formatted is None:
            self._formatted = self.template.format(**self.kwargs)
        return self._formatted
 
# 使用示例
lazy_msg = LazyFormat("計(jì)算結(jié)果: {result}", result=expensive_calculation())
print(lazy_msg)  # 只在第一次訪(fǎng)問(wèn)時(shí)計(jì)算

class SafeFormatter:
    def __init__(self, data):
        self.data = data
    
    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        try:
            if format_spec == "uppercase":
                return str(self.data).upper()
            elif format_spec == "lowercase":
                return str(self.data).lower()
            elif format_spec == "length":
                return str(len(str(self.data)))
            elif format_spec.startswith("trim:"):
                # 截?cái)嗟街付ㄩL(zhǎng)度
                max_length = int(format_spec.split(":")[1])
                text = str(self.data)
                return text[:max_length] + "..." if len(text) > max_length else text
            else:
                # 回退到默認(rèn)格式化
                return format(self.data, format_spec)
        except Exception as e:
            # 優(yōu)雅地處理錯(cuò)誤
            return f"[格式化錯(cuò)誤: {e}]"
 
# 測(cè)試邊界情況
test_cases = [
    SafeFormatter("hello world"),
    SafeFormatter(12345),
    SafeFormatter(None),
    SafeFormatter(""),  # 空字符串
    SafeFormatter("a" * 1000)  # 長(zhǎng)字符串
]
 
formats = ["", "uppercase", "trim:10", "invalid"]
 
for obj in test_cases:
    for fmt in formats:
        try:
            result = format(obj, fmt)
            print(f"格式 '{fmt}': {result}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"錯(cuò)誤: {e}")