sorted(iterable, *, key=None, reverse=False)

# 列表排序
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
sorted_numbers = sorted(numbers)
print(sorted_numbers)  # 輸出: [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]

# 元組排序（返回列表）
tuple_data = (5, 3, 1)
sorted_list = sorted(tuple_data)
print(sorted_list)  # 輸出: [1, 3, 5]

# 字符串排序（按字符編碼）
text = "python"
sorted_chars = sorted(text)
print(sorted_chars)  # 輸出: ['h', 'n', 'o', 'p', 't', 'y']

# 按字符串長度排序
words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date"]
sorted_words = sorted(words, key=len)
print(sorted_words)  # 輸出: ['date', 'apple', 'cherry', 'banana']

# 按小寫字母排序
mixed_case = ["banana", "Apple", "Cherry"]
sorted_case_insensitive = sorted(mixed_case, key=str.lower)
print(sorted_case_insensitive)  # 輸出: ['Apple', 'banana', 'Cherry']

# 按元組的第二個元素排序
data = [(1, 5), (3, 1), (2, 8)]
sorted_data = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[1])
print(sorted_data)  # 輸出: [(3, 1), (1, 5), (2, 8)]

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
descending = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)
print(descending)  # 輸出: [9, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1]

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Person({self.name}, {self.age})"

people = [Person("Alice", 25), Person("Bob", 20), Person("Charlie", 30)]

# 按年齡排序
sorted_people = sorted(people, key=lambda p: p.age)
print(sorted_people)  # 輸出: [Person(Bob, 20), Person(Alice, 25), Person(Charlie, 30)]

scores = {"Alice": 85, "Bob": 92, "Charlie": 78}

# 按鍵排序
sorted_keys = sorted(scores)
print(sorted_keys)  # 輸出: ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']

# 按值排序（返回鍵的列表）
sorted_by_value = sorted(scores, key=lambda k: scores[k])
print(sorted_by_value)  # 輸出: ['Charlie', 'Alice', 'Bob']

# 按值排序（返回元組列表）
sorted_items = sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda item: item[1])
print(sorted_items)  # 輸出: [('Charlie', 78), ('Alice', 85), ('Bob', 92)]

students = [
    ("Alice", 25, 85),
    ("Bob", 20, 92),
    ("Charlie", 25, 78)
]  # 格式：(姓名, 年齡, 分?jǐn)?shù))

# 先按年齡升序，再按分?jǐn)?shù)降序
sorted_students = sorted(students, key=lambda s: (s[1], -s[2]))
print(sorted_students)  # 輸出: [('Bob', 20, 92), ('Charlie', 25, 78), ('Alice', 25, 85)]

from functools import cmp_to_key

def custom_compare(a, b):
    # 先按長度降序，長度相同則按字母升序
    if len(a) != len(b):
        return len(b) - len(a)
    return (a > b) - (a < b)  # 字符串比較

words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date", "elder"]
sorted_words = sorted(words, key=cmp_to_key(custom_compare))
print(sorted_words)  # 輸出: ['banana', 'cherry', 'elder', 'apple', 'date']

data = [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (1, 'c')]
sorted_data = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0])
print(sorted_data)  # 輸出: [(1, 'a'), (1, 'c'), (2, 'b')]
# 原數(shù)據(jù)中 (1, 'a') 在 (1, 'c') 前，排序后保持此順序

# 篩選前 N 個元素
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
top_three = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)[:3]
print(top_three)  # 輸出: [9, 5, 4]

# 按條件篩選并排序
people = [
    {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "score": 85},
    {"name": "Bob", "age": 20, "score": 92},
    {"name": "Charlie", "age": 30, "score": 78}
]

adult_high_scores = sorted(
    [p for p in people if p["age"] >= 25],
    key=lambda p: p["score"],
    reverse=True
)
print(adult_high_scores)  # 輸出: [{'name': 'Alice', ...}, {'name': 'Charlie', ...}]

# 特殊排序規(guī)則（負(fù)數(shù)排前，正數(shù)按絕對值排）
numbers = [5, -3, 2, -7, 1]
sorted_numbers = sorted(numbers, key=lambda x: (x < 0, abs(x)))
print(sorted_numbers)  # 輸出: [-3, -7, 1, 2, 5]

# 對不可直接比較的對象排序
class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    
    def distance_from_origin(self):
        return (self.x**2 + self.y**2) ** 0.5

points = [Point(3, 4), Point(0, 1), Point(1, 1)]
sorted_points = sorted(points, key=lambda p: p.distance_from_origin())
print([(p.x, p.y) for p in sorted_points])  # 輸出: [(0, 1), (1, 1), (3, 4)]