def greet(name):  # 定義一個函數(shù)，接收一個參數(shù)name
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")  # 打印問候語

greet("Alice")  # 調(diào)用函數(shù)，傳入?yún)?shù)"Alice"

def add(a, b):  # 定義一個加法函數(shù)
    return a + b  # 返回兩個數(shù)的和

result = add(3, 5)  # 調(diào)用函數(shù)并接收返回值
print(result)  # 輸出結(jié)果

def greet(name, age):
    """打印名字和年齡"""
    print(f"Hello, {name}. You are {age} years old.")

greet("Alice", 25)  # 輸出: Hello, Alice. You are 25 years old.

greet(age=30, name="Bob")  # 輸出: Hello, Bob. You are 30 years old.

greet("Charlie")  # 報錯：缺少參數(shù)age

def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
    # 如果沒有傳入greeting，默認(rèn)使用"Hello"
    return f"{greeting}, {name}!"

print(greet("Alice"))  # 輸出: Hello, Alice!
print(greet("Bob", "Hi"))  # 輸出: Hi, Bob!

def add_item(item, items=[]):  # 默認(rèn)值items是空列表
    items.append(item)
    return items

print(add_item(1))  # 輸出: [1]
print(add_item(2))  # 輸出: [1, 2]！并不是預(yù)期的[2]

def add_item(item, items=None):
    if items is None:  # 每次調(diào)用都創(chuàng)建新的列表
        items = []
    items.append(item)
    return items

print(add_item(1))  # 輸出: [1]
print(add_item(2))  # 輸出: [2]，符合預(yù)期

def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
    print(f"{greeting}, {name}!")

# 使用關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)調(diào)用
greet(name="Alice", greeting="Hi")  # 輸出：Hi, Alice!

def info(age, name):
    print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")

# 混淆順序時，使用關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)避免錯誤
info(name="Bob", age=25)  # 輸出：Bob is 25 years old.

def multiply(x, y, factor=1):
    return x * y * factor

result = multiply(3, 5, factor=2)  # 輸出：30
print(result)

def sum_numbers(*args):  # *args 收集所有位置參數(shù)
    return sum(args)      # 計算元組中所有數(shù)字的和

result = sum_numbers(1, 2, 3, 4)
print(result)  # 輸出：10

def greet(name, *args):
    message = f"Hello, {name}!"
    for arg in args:
        message += f" And hello to you too, {arg}!"
    return message

print(greet("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"))
# 輸出：Hello, Alice! And hello to you too, Bob! And hello to you too, Charlie!

def greet(**kwargs):
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print(f"{key}: {value}")

# 調(diào)用函數(shù)
greet(name="Alice", age=25, city="Beijing")

def create_html_tag(tag_name, content, **attributes):
    # 構(gòu)建屬性部分
    attr_str = ' '.join([f'{k}="{v}"' for k, v in attributes.items()])
    return f"<{tag_name} {attr_str}>{content}</{tag_name}>"

# 使用示例
html = create_html_tag("a", "Click me!",  rel="external nofollow"  rel="external nofollow" , target="_blank")
print(html)

# 定義一個函數(shù)
def my_function(a, b, c):
    print(f"a={a}, b=, c={c}")

# 列表解包
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_function(*my_list)  # 輸出: a=1, b=2, c=3

# 字典解包
my_dict = {'a': 4, 'b': 5, 'c': 6}
my_function(**my_dict)  # 輸出: a=4, b=5, c=6

def another_function(*args, **kwargs):
    print("Positional arguments:", args)
    print("Keyword arguments:", kwargs)

# 使用解包傳遞參數(shù)
another_function(*[7, 8], **{'key': 'value'})
# 輸出:
# Positional arguments: (7, 8)
# Keyword arguments: {'key': 'value'}

global_var = 10  # 全局變量

def my_function(local_var):
    print(f"局部變量: {local_var}")  # 訪問局部變量
    print(f"全局變量: {global_var}")  # 訪問全局變量

my_function(5)  # 調(diào)用函數(shù)并傳遞局部變量

count = 0  # 定義全局變量

def increment():
    global count  # 聲明使用全局變量
    count += 1
    print(f"當(dāng)前計數(shù): {count}")

increment()  # 調(diào)用函數(shù)
increment()

add = lambda x, y: x + y  # 定義一個簡單的加法函數(shù)
print(add(3, 5))  # 輸出結(jié)果為8

# 按字符串長度排序
words = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date"]
sorted_words = sorted(words, key=lambda word: len(word))
print(sorted_words)  # 輸出['date', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# 過濾出偶數(shù)
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))
print(even_numbers)  # 輸出[2, 4, 6]

def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):  # 使用通用參數(shù)接收
        print("Before function call")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("After function call")
        return result
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def greet(name):
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Alice")  # 輸出：Before function call\nHello, Alice!\nAfter function call

from functools import wraps

def my_decorator(func):
    @wraps(func)  # 保留原函數(shù)的元信息
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Before function call")
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def greet(name):
    """Greet someone by name."""
    print(f"Hello, {name}!")

print(greet.__name__)  # 輸出：greet
print(greet.__doc__)   # 輸出：Greet someone by name.

def calculate_price(item, *, tax_rate, discount):
    """計算商品價格（包含稅率和折扣）"""
    price = item['price']
    taxed_price = price * (1 + tax_rate)
    final_price = taxed_price * (1 - discount)
    return final_price

# 調(diào)用函數(shù)時必須指定參數(shù)名稱
item = {'price': 100}
result = calculate_price(item, tax_rate=0.1, discount=0.2)
print(result)  # 輸出：88.0

def add_numbers(a: int, b: int) -> int:
    return a + b

result = add_numbers(5, 10)  # 正確用法
print(result)  # 輸出：15

def divide(a: float, b: float) -> float:
    assert b != 0, "除數(shù)不能為零"
    return a / b

print(divide(10, 2))  # 輸出：5.0
# print(divide(10, 0))  # 觸發(fā)斷言錯誤

def log_message(message, *, level="INFO", **kwargs):
    """
    日志記錄函數(shù)，支持多種輸入格式。
    :param message: 要記錄的日志信息（可以是字符串、字典或列表）
    :param level: 日志級別，默認(rèn)為 "INFO"
    :param kwargs: 其他可選參數(shù)
    """
    timestamp = kwargs.get("timestamp", "N/A")  # 獲取時間戳，默認(rèn)為 "N/A"
    if isinstance(message, str):  # 如果是字符串
        formatted_message = f"[{level}] [{timestamp}] {message}"
    elif isinstance(message, dict):  # 如果是字典
        formatted_message = f"[{level}] [{timestamp}] {dict(message)}"
    elif isinstance(message, list):  # 如果是列表
        formatted_message = f"[{level}] [{timestamp}] {list(message)}"
    else:
        formatted_message = f"[{level}] [{timestamp}] Unsupported type: {type(message)}"

    print(formatted_message)  # 輸出日志

# 測試代碼
log_message("This is a test log.")  # 字符串輸入
log_message({"key": "value"}, level="DEBUG", timestamp="2023-03-01 12:00:00")  # 字典輸入
log_message([1, 2, 3], level="WARNING")  # 列表輸入